Question

The Crusades can be described as all of the following EXCEPT a. a sign of vitality and self-confidence in Western Europe. b. a demonstration by the Roman Church of its subservience to the Eastern Orthodox Church. c. an attempt by the papacy to assert its preeminence. d. part of a general movement of European expansion.

Answer 1

The Crusades showed vitality in Western Europe, the papacy's assertion of power, and a broader European expansion, but were not an example of the Roman Church's subservience to the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Step-by-step explanation:

The Crusades can be characterized in many ways, but one description does not fit well with historical accounts. While the Crusades were a sign of vitality in Western Europe, an attempt by the papacy to assert its preeminence, and part of a general movement of European expansion, they were not a demonstration of the Roman Church's subservience to the Eastern Orthodox Church. In fact, one of the effects of the Crusades was the further estrangement between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, a relationship already complicated by the East-West Schism. The Crusades began with the call to liberate Jerusalem from Muslim control and expanded into a broader conflict that included campaigns in the Baltic and the Iberian Peninsula while also targeting heretics and political enemies of the popes within Europe itself.

Answer 2

The correct answer is D) part of a general movement of European expansion.

The Crusades can be described as all of the following EXCEPT "part of a general movement of European expansion."

Religious differences have always been one of the reasons for conflict and war in the history of humankind. The Crusades included. Christians and Muslim people fought many years to gain or recover the control of some sacred sites, including the control of the Temple of Solomon in the ancient city of Jerusalem. Both sides claimed this site as theirs. So a series of battles and armed conflicts started in 1096 and the end was in 1291.