The two quantities are closely related, but the cause/effect is the other way around.
-- The centripetal force is caused by something outside this discussion, not by the object.
-- The centripetal force acting on the object determines the object's centripetal acceleration.
-- The centripetal acceleration is the cause of whatever the object's velocity (speed and direction) turns out to be.
-- It's the centripetal acceleration that has the effect on the object's velocity.
As an example, you wouldn't say that the orbiting of a TV satellite is what causes the Earth's centripetal force that acts on it.