Answer:
e. patterning
Step-by-step explanation:
The German luxury store was trying to find out the purchasing trends or patterns of their clients, therefore, it was illegally obtaining data to develop purchase patterns.
In marketing, purchase trends are very important and they are very useful if you are able to determine them correctly. E.g. a person that buys a BMW car will also tend to buy luxury sport watches. So marketing firms can successfully offer luxury watches to all people that purchase BMWs.
The problem with the store's actions was that you need your customers' consent before gathering personal information from them. That is why you have to agree with a lot of user terms for any app that you download, since they all gather your personal information. But if you agree with it, even if you didn't actually read the terms, it is legal.