Question

Industrial melanism refers to the dark pigmentation that evolved in some insects giving them protective coloration on vegetation darkened by soot in heavily industrialized areas prior to air pollution regulation. Assume that in one heavily polluted area near Birmingham, England in 1956, 79% of the moths of the species Biston betularia were black due to the presence of a dominant gene for melanism. Estimate the frequency of the dominant allele in this population, and the proportion of black moths that are heterozygous.

Answer 1

Industrial melanism led to a rise in the dark pigmentation of the Biston betularia moths as a survival adaptation in soot-darkened environments. The Hardy-Weinberg principle can be used to estimate the frequency of the dominant allele and the proportion of heterozygous black moths in the population.

Step-by-step explanation:

Industrial melanism is a term used to describe the phenomenon where insects develop dark pigmentation to better camouflage in environments affected by industrial pollution. In the case of the Biston betularia moths near Birmingham, England in 1956, 79% of the moths were black. This was an adaptive response to their environment, which had become darkened by soot due to heavy industrialization. To estimate the frequency of the dominant allele, we use the Hardy-Weinberg principle. If we represent the dominant black allele as 'B' and the recessive white allele as 'b', the given information tells us that the combined frequency of BB and Bb moths is 79%. Assuming we are at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of homozygous dominant (BB) plus heterozygous (Bb) should equal the square of the dominant allele frequency (p^2) plus two times the product of the dominant and recessive allele frequencies (2pq), since p + q = 1. To find the proportion of heterozygous moths (Bb), we need to subtract the frequency of BB from the total frequency of black moths.

Answer 2

• The frequency of the dominant allele, p = 0.542

• The proportion of black moths that are heterozygous 2pq = 0.496

Step-by-step explanation:

According to Hardy-Weinberg, the allelic frequencies in a locus are represented as p and q, referring to the allelic dominant or recessive forms. The genotypic frequencies after one generation are p² (Homozygous dominant), 2pq (Heterozygous), q² (Homozygous recessive). Populations in H-W equilibrium will get the same allelic frequencies generation after generation. The sum of these allelic frequencies equals 1, this is p + q = 1.

In the same way, the sum of genotypic frequencies equals 1, this is

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Being

• p the dominant allelic frequency,

• q the recessive allelic frequency,

• p² the homozygous dominant genotypic frequency

• q² the homozygous recessive genotypic frequency

• 2pq the heterozygous genotypic frequency

In the exposed example, 79% of the moths of the species Biston betularia were black due to the presence of a dominant gene for melanism.

If the genotypic frequency of back moths is 0.79, then, by performing the following equation we can get the not-black moths genotypic frequency:

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

where p² is the homozygous dominant genotypic frequency, q² the homozygous recessive genotypic frequency, and 2pq is the heterozygous genotypic frequency.

As 0.79 is the phenotypic frequency of black moths, then this frequency equals p²+2pq.

Clearing the equation:

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

0.79 + q² = 1

q² = 1 - 0.79

q² = 0.21

The genotypic frequency of non-black moths is 0.21. So, from here we can calculate the allelic frequency:

q² = 0.21

q= v 0.21

q = 0.458

If 0.46 is the allelic frequency of non-black moths, then by clearing the equation p + q = 1, we can get the p allelic frequency:

p + q = 1

p + 0.458 = 1

p = 1 - 0.458

p = 0.542

• The genotypic frequency p² = (0.542)² = 0.294

• The heterozygote genotypic frequency

2 x p x q = 2 x 0.542 x 0.458 = 0.496

Finally, we can check this answer by clearing the following equation:

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

0.294 + 0.496 + 0.21 = 1