Final answer:
The invitation to William of Orange by the English Parliament to invade England is the event that precipitated the others, leading to the Glorious Revolution and subsequently to James II fleeing to France, and William and Mary becoming joint monarchs.
Step-by-step explanation:
The event that can be seen as the cause of the other three listed events is option D, where Parliament invited William of Orange to invade England. This invitation set in motion a series of events that lead to the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Initially, the clashes between King James II's Catholic sympathies and the largely Protestant English Parliament created tensions that led to the revolution. Upon the birth of James II's son, fears of a Catholic succession prompted Parliament to take action. William of Orange, who was married to Mary, James II's Protestant daughter, and also in line for the throne of England, was seen as a Protestant alternative to James. His invasion, supported by Parliament, forced James II to flee to France and ultimately resulted in William and Mary ruling England as joint sovereigns.