Final answer:
The controversy over genetic differences in intelligence primarily relates to the misuse of genetic arguments for racial discrimination and the oversight of environmental influences on intelligence.
Step-by-step explanation:
The study of genetic differences in intelligence has been controversial due to several factors. The primary concern arises from the historical use of genetic arguments to justify racial discrimination. These views, although scientifically refuted, have at times resurged, as in the case of 'The Bell Curve'. Notably, the controversy arises from interpretations that link genetics and race with intelligence without accounting for the significant influence of environmental variables. Additionally, research has shown a closing of IQ gaps with increased access to education, pointing to nurture's critical role in intelligence development. The persistence of the idea that intelligence could be predetermined by race without adequate consideration of environment and socioeconomic factors contributes to the ongoing debate.
Moreover, there is a recognition that intelligence is affected both by genetics and environment, with environmental influences shaping the manifestation of cognitive abilities. Twin studies show a genetic component to intelligence, but conflict theorists note that IQ tests can be biased and do not always offer a fair assessment of a person's intellectual capabilities, reinforcing the complex interplay of genetics, environment, and social factors in the development of intelligence.