Final answer:
Throughout the 1950s, segregated all-white schools persisted due to state laws and local resistance, especially in Southern states like Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia, but also in Border South states and places like New York City. Efforts to integrate were met with 'massive resistance' in Virginia and elsewhere, leading to slow or no integration for years after the Brown v. Board of Education decision.
Step-by-step explanation:
During the 1950s, especially before the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, many states continued to have all-white schools due to de jure segregation. States in the Deep South such as Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia, as well as Border South states like Missouri and West Virginia, practiced segregation either by law or in effect. Even outside the South, states like Delaware and school districts in New York City, large numbers of schools remained segregated in practice, even if not overtly by law. White southerners and others across the nation often resisted integration efforts by setting up private white academies or through legal challenges and slow implementation of desegregation guidelines.
In Virginia, the strategy of 'massive resistance' saw public schools being shut down rather than integrated. A similar resistance was mirrored in other Southern states and border states where integration was either very slow or met with outright opposition. In places like New York, segregation was also manifested in inequalities in resources, teacher quality, and services between schools serving predominantly Black students and those serving White students.