James is an African American from Alabama who wants to vote in the elections for state senate. When he reports to his polling place, he is
asked to provide a receipt showing that he paid a fee to the county courthouse six months earlier. James does not have the receipt; therefore,
he is not allowed to vote. Which of the following disenfranchisement tactics has James fallen victim to?
Select the best answer from the choices provided.
A. the understanding clause
B. the grandfather clause
C a poll tax
D. a literacy test
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