Answer:
Islam spread widely through invading armies and voluntary conversion.
Step-by-step explanation:
In their book How Sugar Changed the World, Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos delve into the history of how our present-day spices came to be. A special case is that of the dietary necessity, sugar which has a huge and vast history on its way to becoming every household's daily essential.
In the given passage from the text, the prophet Muhammad's teachings led to the spread of believers all over the world. Even after his death, the religion of Islam continued to spread "through North Africa along the Mediterranean, across to the Iberian Peninsula, and over to France". Finally, "By conversion or conquest, Islam, the religion of Muhammad, won over nearly all the lands of the ancient world: Egypt, Persia, India, and the Christian Mediterranean." This whole passage shows how Islam spread widely and became the religion of these regions.
Thus, the correct answer is the second option.