Question

Hormone action is one element of signal transduction mechanisms. The processes by which signals are transmitted from cell to cell include:____________

1. Hormones may passively diffuse and interact with intracellular receptors; these act at the gene level, with the hormone–receptor complex affecting transcription of specific genes in the target tissue.
2. Hormones that interact with plasma membrane receptors that are ion channels, with hormone-binding directly affecting membrane permeability to an ion.
3. Hormones that interact with plasma membrane receptors that have a hormone-binding site on the exterior and an enzyme activity on the cytosolic side, with ligand binding stimulating that activity.
4. Hormones that interact with plasma membrane receptors that act through G proteins to affect the levels of second messengers.

Answer 1

the correct option is: 3. Hormones that interact with plasma membrane receptors that have a hormone binding site outside and an enzymatic activity on the cytosolic side, with ligand binding stimulating that activity.

Step-by-step explanation:

There are about 200 differentiated cell types in humans, only a few produce hormones, but most of the 75 trillion cells in a human being are targets for one or more of the more than 50 known hormones. The target cell concept is a useful way to analyze hormonal action.

The cells have protein structures on the surface, where they are hormone-ligand, this generates different signal activation pathways inside the cell, through ion channels, g proteins, increase in internal cAMP, and other mechanisms.