Answer:
The growth of Ottoman power can be grouped into two main characteristic periods. The first period is that of conquest and growth, from the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 to the death of Suleiman I (the Magnificent) in 1566. This was a period of great achievement for the Ottoman Empire. The second period, extending from 1566 to 1683, is that of the consolidation of a now large and stable state, during which time many changes were occurring in the empire's social structures.
In 1389, the Ottomans ended Serbian power at the Battle of Kosovo, which paved the way for expansion into Europe. Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) expanded the empire's eastern frontiers, defeating the Safavid rulers of the Persian Empire in the Battle of Chaldiran, establishing a naval presence in the Red Sea. Selim's successor, Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566), increased the empire's size and power even further. After capturing Belgrade, Suleiman struck a major blow against Kingdom of Hungary at the 1526 Battle of Mohacs, causing that kingdom to fall into anarchy. He then laid Siege of Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city when he was forced to retreat before the onset of winter. Soon, Transylvania, Walachia, and Moldavia became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, Suleiman the Magnificent took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, giving the Ottomans control of the Middle East. The Ottomans reached their "Golden Age" during Suleiman the Magnificent's reign.
In 1683, sultan Mehmed IV (1648-1687) reacted to Austrian Habsburg interference in Hungary with an Ottoman offensive which resulted in the second siege at Vienna, the Battle of Vienna. The siege turned some of the Ottoman allies against it, and Pope Innocent XI abandoned his secular interests to agitate for a general crusade against the Ottoman Empire. In the following decades, the Ottoman Empire was not just an occupying force; it was an instrument in European politics. The Battle of Vienna was a turning point in the 300-year struggle between the forces of Central European kingdoms and the Ottoman Empire. It brought about a long period of stagnation, ending 230 years of growth and the empire's expansion into Europe.
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