Final answer:
During a solar eclipse, the Moon moves between the Sun and Earth, casting its shadow on our planet, and the correct order is Sun - Moon - Earth. A total solar eclipse reveals the Sun's corona, and a partial or annular eclipse occurs depending on the Moon's distance from Earth.
Step-by-step explanation:
The specific relationship between the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon during a solar eclipse is such that the Moon moves between the Sun and Earth. This means that the correct order from the perspective of an observer on Earth is Sun - Moon - Earth, which corresponds to option B of the student's question.
During a total solar eclipse, the Moon's shadow touches a small area on the Earth's surface while a larger area experiences a partial eclipse. The beautiful phenomenon of a total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon completely covers the Sun, revealing the Sun's corona, whereas an annular eclipse happens when the Moon is farther away, creating a ring-like appearance around the Sun.