Final answer:
Steven's Type A behavior pattern, characterized by impatience and competitiveness, puts him at an increased risk for heart attacks and heart disease. Numerous studies have confirmed that anger and hostility, common to Type A personalities, are significant risk factors for cardiovascular problems. These findings emphasize the impact of psychological factors on physical health.
Step-by-step explanation:
Steven's behavior pattern of being impatient, competitive, and driven to win is indicative of a Type A behavior pattern. Research by Friedman and Rosenman, along with subsequent studies, has found a strong correlation between Type A characteristics—particularly anger and hostility—and an increased risk for heart attacks and other cardiovascular diseases. Characteristics of Type A individuals include a chronic sense of time urgency, excessive competitive drive, and impatience. People embodying this behavior pattern, like Steven, have been found to be at a higher risk of developing hypertension and heart disease, as such traits can create social strain and lead to intense cardiovascular responses that lay the groundwork for these diseases.
Friedman and Rosenman's seminal work identified that those with Type A behaviors, characterized by high levels of determination and aggressiveness, had a sevenfold increase in heart disease compared to their more relaxed Type B counterparts. Longitudinal studies further confirmed these findings, showing that higher levels of anger could significantly elevate the risk for cardiovascular issues. Consequently, it can be concluded that persistent negative emotions such as anger, hostility, and negative affectivity are serious risk factors for adverse cardiovascular outcomes.