Question

How did the Japanese government draw inspiration from Bismarck’s Germany?

Why was the lack of civilian control over the military an advantage for Japan as it expanded its empire?

Answer 1

• During the late 19th century, Japan wanted to position itself among the great powers of the world. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the country tried to adopt more Western values in an attempt to compete with imperial powers. Japan drew inspiration from Germany for several reasons. First, both countries industrialized relatively late. Both countries were unified in the 1860s. Both were dominated by powerful agrarian elites. Finally, both countries wanted to develop their respective armies and engage in imperialism. Therefore, Japan believed that the strategies that were used by Bismarck in Germany could also lead Japan to success.

• When a military is controlled by civilians, this means that the ultimate responsibility for the decision-making process lies in the hands of civilians, instead of military professionals. This is what happens in a democracy. However, in Japan, the actions of the military were determined only by a military elite. This allowed Japan to take extreme actions that might not have been favored by civilians. It also allowed them to act quickly and without the need of consensus. Finally, it decreased opposition and discontent. These characteristics provided an advantage to the Japanese as they expanded their empire.