Answer:
d) punishment.
Step-by-step explanation:
Punishment: In psychology, the term "punishment" is described as a term that is being a part of the operant conditioning theory which was proposed by B. F. Skinner. It is referred to as any change or alteration in an animal or human's surroundings that generally occurs after a specific response or behavior that reduces the possibility of the behavior to occur again in future.
In the question above, Mr Williams action toward the dissenters indicates the use of punishment.