Final answer:
Scientists know how atoms are structured through experiments, observations, and theoretical models. They analyze atomic spectra, use models and simulations, and utilize advanced technology like electron microscopes to gain knowledge about atomic structure.
Step-by-step explanation:
Scientists know how atoms are structured through a combination of experiments, observations, and theoretical models. One important tool that scientists use is the study of atomic spectra. By analyzing the light emitted or absorbed by atoms, scientists can gather information about the energy levels and arrangement of electrons in an atom. This information helps to form our current understanding of atomic structure.
One example of this is the study of the hydrogen atom. Scientists have developed models and simulations, such as the PhET Interactive Simulation, to predict how different models of the hydrogen atom would interact with light. By comparing these predictions with experimental results, scientists can refine their understanding of atomic structure and validate their models.
Additionally, advancements in technology, such as the development of electron microscopes, have allowed scientists to directly visualize atoms and their structure. These instruments provide images of atoms and their internal components, providing further evidence for our understanding of atomic structure.