Final answer:
DNA encodes information that is crucial for an organism's biological processes. Each gene in the DNA sequence controls the production of a specific protein that contributes to an organism's characteristics. This DNA information is transcribed into mRNA, which is translated into proteins in a process called the central dogma of genetics.
Step-by-step explanation:
The information encoded in DNA is used by organisms to direct all biological processes necessary for survival and propagation. DNA organizes into genes, each encoding the sequence of a specific protein in its order of amino acids. The production of these proteins, influenced by the DNA, contribute to an organism's observable characteristics, or phenotype.
Beginning with the observation of George Beadle and Edward Tatum using the mold Neurospora crassa, research validated the 'one gene-one enzyme' hypothesis. It established that each protein's production, is under the control of a single gene in the DNA sequence.
This DNA sequence is then transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), followed by a process called translation, where ribosomes read the mRNA and synthesize proteins. The flow from DNA to mRNA to proteins is known as the central dogma of genetics.
Moreover, the specific sequence of DNA is instrumental in organism identification and classification into species. This is achieved using a minute section of genetic code in a method known as DNA barcoding.
Learn more about DNA Encoding