Final answer:
The Roman Empire was difficult to govern due to its vast territorial expanse, constant and costly military engagements, internal political strife, external threats, and administrative challenges. The transition of religious practices and the centralization of authority in the emperor's hands, who was often engaged in distant campaigns, further complicated governance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Difficulties in Governing the Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was difficult to govern for several reasons. One significant challenge was managing the vast territories spanning Europe, Africa, and Asia, which made protection and administration a logistical nightmare. Military campaigns were costly and perpetual, straining the empire's resources. The political system was plagued with internal conflict, including assassinations and civil wars, which weakened the government's stability. Externally, the rising power of the Sassanids and better-organized barbarian groups along the borders added to Rome's military woes.
Furthermore, shifting religious dynamics, particularly the spread of Christianity, contributed to societal changes that the traditional Roman political institutions struggled to accommodate. The decline in traditional Roman values and the move of the capital to Byzantium further weakened the once-centralized power structure.
The scale of the empire also meant that the machinery of government would grind to a halt whenever the emperor was absent, as all decisions had to go through him. The economic pressure of maintaining a massive military presence on the frontiers, coupled with the challenges of tax collection and ensuring a continuous supply of resources, also played a role in the empire's difficulties with governance.