Answer: d) stereotype threat.
Step-by-step explanation:
Stereotype treat is the situation where person tend to feel the risk factor of conforming to the stereotype of their background society.People think they might be obeying and treated with stereotype that their social group persist.
According to the question, stereotype treat is impacting Annaliese in the situation as stereotype of society, women being less capable than men in field of math and science which may impact her test.
Other options are incorrect because discrimination bias,formal reasoning and poor reliability of exam is not influencing Annaliese.Thus, the correct option is option(d).