Answer:
The answer is none of the above.
Explanation: The loss of energy between trophic levels is due to the fact that organisms from one trophic level are consumed by organisms from the next level. Considering the production of meat
compared with arable farming, humans eat meat, they act as secondary consumers whereas the animals eat plants like grass but if humans eat plants materials like rice, they are primary consumers. By this, the food chain is shortened, causing loss of energy in the conversion from one trophic level to the next.