Question

Design a posttest-only experiment that would test each of the following causal claims. For each one, identify the study’s independent variable(s), identify its dependent variable(s), and suggest some important control variables. For each study, determine a survey that you might administer that would give the research additional information on individual personality differences. a. Students given negative (versus positive) feedback on an important value they possess causes individuals to act more aggressively. b. Exercising for 30 minutes a day (compared with 10 minutes a day) causes less depression. c. Exposing individuals to messages that ones peers engage in environmental friendly behaviors (versus receiving an informational flyer about the importance of the environment) leads to increases in environmental friendly behaviors.

Answer 1

a.

Here independent variable is negative reinforcement like punishment. The dependent variable is aggressiveness.

Control group : Teacher

Experiment group : Students

b.

Independent variable : Exercise

Dependent variable : Depression

Various levels of independent variables : The time of exercise may be increased or reduced

c.

Independent variable: Environment friendly messages

Dependent variables : Environment friendly behavior

Interaction: The verbal exchange among the peers.