Question

How are immune cells able to detect foreign pathogens? How are immune cells able to detect foreign pathogens? They are able to detect structures on the surfaces of foreign cells that are not found in the host. They can compare the DNA sequences from the foreign cells to host DNA. They detect foreign, unfamiliar chemical substances released by the invading cells.

Answer 1

Immune cells detect pathogens through unique identifiers on pathogens called PAMPs, using receptors like PRRs and TLRs. Adaptive immunity involves B and T cells recognizing specific antigens on pathogens, enabling a targeted response. The immune system has evolved mechanisms to discern non-self from self, despite pathogens' evasion strategies.

Step-by-step explanation:

Immune cells detect foreign pathogens by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on their surfaces, which are distinct from molecules found on host cells. These patterns include carbohydrates, polypeptides, and nucleic acids that are unique to viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells have pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), that bind to these PAMPs, signaling the immune system to respond.

The adaptive immune system, consisting of B cells and T cells, identifies pathogens more specifically through antigens. These antigens are unique proteins on the surface of pathogens that are not found on the body's healthy cells. This recognition mechanism is pivotal in forming a targeted immune response, including the creation of antibodies by B cells which then target pathogens for destruction.

Pathogens might try to evade detection by mimicking host cells or covering themselves with protective capsules, but the immune system's robust mechanism of distinguishing self from non-self typically enables the identification and response to these invaders.

Answer 2

The immune system response against pathogens in order to protect our cells from the damage and prevent diseases.

There are different cells in the blood including macrophages, mast cells, and natural killer cells etcetra which recognises the specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the pathogen’s surface. PAMPs can be classified as polypeptide, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid which are expressed by bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Immune system detects "self" from the "foreign" antigen and destroy the pathogen without damaging the host cell.

Hence, immune cells detect foreign pathogens through specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the pathogen’s surface.