Final answer:
The views of the Roman Empire on Christianity evolved from indifference and sporadic persecution to full embrace as the state religion under Emperor Theodosius. The acceptance of Christianity drastically changed Roman society, transitioning it from polytheistic to monotheistic, and caused shifts in social and political structures.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Roman Empire's views on Christianity evolved significantly over the course of its history. Initially, the spread of Christianity was met with indifference or even persecution by Roman authorities due to Christian refusal to participate in state cults, which was seen as treasonous. Persecution was sporadic but intensified during the reigns of emperors such as Nero and Diocletian. The turning point came with Emperor Constantine's reign when Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion, a process that culminated with Emperor Theodosius making Christianity the official state religion.
This transformation altered Roman society by leading to a shift from a polytheistic society to one that was monotheistic. The Christian government changed the cultural landscape through the construction of churches and monasteries, and in societal roles with bishops gaining influence. The old senatorial class's power waned while the Christian Church thrived as a social and economic institution. The Roman Empire's acceptance of Christianity marked the end of the crisis of the third century, with the Empire enjoying a resurgence, although regional divisions and new political realities emerged.
During Constantine's reign, motives for favoring Christianity remain a topic of discussion among historians and theologians, indicating the complexities in understanding the transition period. Nonetheless, Constantine's conversion to Christianity and subsequent legalization of the faith notably shifted Roman policies and cultural norms, laying the foundation for a Christian future.