Complete question: find the completed question in the attached picture below.
Answer:
1.) Dug inactivation: Bacterial B, antimicrobial altered
2.) Efflux pumps: Active transport, Antimicrobial moved from inside to outside of cell, Turning on transport mechanisms
3.)Decreased permeability: Turning off transport mechanisms, Bacterial porins
4.)Altered binding site: Mutation of drug target, Structural changes of drug target
Step-by-step explanation:
Antimicrobial resistance is the change in response of bacteria towards drugs, chemical or other agents administered to cure or prevent infection. The bacteria uses different mechanism to form resistance towards these chemicals to be able to survive and continue to multiple causing more harm. The mechanisms includes:
DRUG INACTIVATION: production of B- lactamases by certain bacteria alters the action of antimicrobial reducing their ability to bindto bacteria ribosomes.
EFFLUX PUMPS: Some other bacteria increase active efflux pumping out of drugs across cell surface. This leads to antimicrobial moving from inside to outside of cells.
DECREASED PERMEABILITY: Transport of antimicrobial is decreased when certain bacteria which possess porins in their outer membrane develops resistance through mutations in the porins gene.
ALTERED BINDING SITES: some bacteria has the ability of altering the binding sites of these antimicrobials or can produce ribosomal protection proteins which bonds to ribosomes of the bacteria cells to cause structural changes of the drug target sites. I hope this helps, thanks.