Final answer:
The true statement about extortion is that the crime can be committed even if the extortion message is only sent but not received. Intention to extort is the key factor, and an attempt to send a threat can be considered a criminal act irrespective of its receipt.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question presented focuses on understanding the legal definition and boundaries of the crime of extortion. In law, extortion typically refers to the obtaining of something, often money, through the threat of violence or some other harm. Let's evaluate the provided statements:
- a. It is a crime even if the extortion message is only sent but not received. This statement is true. The act of sending a threat with the intent to extort is enough to constitute an attempt at extortion, which can be a crime on its own regardless of whether the intended target receives the message.
- b. The words "pay up or else" are insufficient to constitute extortion. This statement is not necessarily accurate. While the phrase is vague, it could be perceived as a threat depending on the context, and thus could potentially be considered an extortionate threat.
- c. It is a crime even if the extortion message is sent either unwillingly or without the knowledge of the sender. This is generally false. For an act to constitute extortion, there typically must be intentional conduct or knowledge on the part of the sender. Accidents or actions done without an individual's knowledge wouldn't align with the requisite intent for criminal extortion.
- d. An extortionate threat made to another in jest is not extortion. Technically, if the threat is not intended to be taken seriously and there is no intent to follow through with the threat, it may not be considered extortion. However, such matters are highly subjective and contextual. What is taken as a joke by one person might be construed as a serious threat by another, potentially making it a criminal act.
Based on the provided options, the most correct answer is a. While statements b, c, and d require more nuanced analysis considering intent, reception, and context, in criminal law the mere attempt of committing a crime like extortion can be punishable, which aligns with option a.