The major minerals, which are used and stored in large quantities in the body, are calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur. The trace minerals are just as vital to our health as the major minerals, but we don't need large amounts. There are 16 essential minerals: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, and selenium, molybdenum, chromium, and fluoride. Minerals are specific kinds of nutrients that your body needs in order to function properly. A mineral deficiency occurs when your body doesn't obtain or absorb the required amount of a mineral. ... Mineral deficiencies can lead to a variety of health problems, such as weak bones, fatigue, or a decreased immune system.