Final answer:
The exceptions to the use or disclosure of PHI without authorization are emergencies, legal requirement, and law enforcement.
Step-by-step explanation:
The exceptions to the use or disclosure of PHI (Protected Health Information) without authorization are:
Emergencies involving imminent threat to health or safety (to the individual or the public)
Where required by law
Law enforcement
Medical research with information that identifies the individual
Public health activities
Workers' compensation
Therefore, the correct answer is D. Medical research with information that identifies the individual.