Final answer:
Those who repudiate the existing governmental system are known as dissenters. Dissenters challenge authority, often arising from public disenchantment with government or lack of representation within the political system. Examples include supporters of scientific socialism, Burkeanism, and religious extremism. The correct option is 1.
Step-by-step explanation:
Those who repudiate the existing governmental system are known as dissenters. Dissenters are individuals who disagree with and may seek to challenge prevailing ideas, policies, or institutions. In the context of governance and politics, a dissenter is someone who challenges the established authority or government, which could involve contesting the legitimacy of the prevailing political regime or advocating for substantial reforms or a revolutionary change. Dissenters often emerge when there is public disenchantment with governmental policies or when people believe that their needs and rights are not being adequately represented within the political system.
Examples of dissent can be found in various political ideologies that reject prevailing ideology, such as scientific socialism, Burkeanism, and religious extremism. These ideologies may encourage dissent against current cultural patterns and political arrangements. In historical and contemporary contexts, dissenters have included reformers, counter-reformers, and those involved in movements for political, social, or cultural change, including revolutions.