Question

Please respond to A-I, by stating which element of expectancy theory

a- Lucia: worked hard to impress her boos with her reliability, creativity, and decision making skills. She really wants to qualify for an upcoming promotion which will give her the autonomy and empowerment she desires. (expectancy; instrumentality; valence)

b- August : has noticed a drop in motivation in two of his direct reports and has arranged for them to get specialized training in order to increase their skills (expectancy; instrumentality; valence)

c- Gunnar : believes that there is no way to market this product that will induce customers to buy it. It’s just a bad product (expectancy; instrumentality; valence)

d- Sosie: checks to make sure which organizational rewards she has the authority to award before announcing them to her workers. She doesn’t want them to work hard and then not get a promised reward. (expectancy; instrumentality, valence)

e- Seraphina: makes sure to tell her workers how much confidence she has in their ability to achieve the goals of the department. She tells them she sees how well they are performing ( expectancy; instrumentality, valence)

f- Wynn: is determined to work hard because he has seen that each employee who achieves $1 million in sales receives a two week trip to Hawaii (expectancy; instrumentality, valence)

g- Finley: has decided to quit working so hard. It seems the only reward for hard work is more work! (expectancy; instrumentality; valence)

h- Isadora: surveyed her workers as to which of a group of rewards would interest them the most. She wants to be sure of offer them rewards they want (expectancy; instrumentality; valence)

i- Ryder: has decided that hard work is worthless. His manager only give the promised rewards to his "pets" even if their performance is lower than the other workers (expectancy, instrumentality, valence)

Answer 1

In Expectancy Theory, motivation is based on expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Lucia and Wynn's cases involve instrumental outcomes; August, Gunnar, and Seraphina's cases involve expectancy of successful performance; and Finley and Isadora's cases involve valence or the emotional value of outcomes. Ryder's example also shows issues with instrumentality.

Step-by-step explanation:

The Expectancy Theory of motivation posits that an individual’s motivation is influenced by three key elements: expectancy, the belief that one's effort will lead to desired performance; instrumentality, the belief that a person will receive a reward if the performance expectation is met; and valence, the emotional orientations people hold with respect to outcomes. Let’s apply these elements to the scenarios provided:

• a. Lucia: Instrumentality - Lucia is motivated by the expected reward (promotion) for demonstrating desired behaviors at work.
• b. August: Expectancy - Arranging specialized training to increase skills enhances the expectancy that effort will result in improved performance.
• c. Gunnar: Expectancy - Gunnar's belief that a successful marketing effort is not possible affects his expectation of the relationship between effort and performance.
• d. Sosie: Instrumentality - By confirming which rewards she can actually offer, Sosie ensures that the rewards for effort are perceived as reliable.
• e. Seraphina: Expectancy - Her confidence in her workers' abilities is likely to boost their belief that their efforts will lead to successful outcomes.
• f. Wynn: Instrumentality - The clear reward for achieving $1 million in sales is an example of instrumentality.
• g. Finley: Valence - The outcome of hard work is more work, which has a negative valence for Finley, reducing his motivation.
• h. Isadora: Valence - She wants to offer rewards her workers want, reflecting the desire to ensure the outcomes have positive valence.
• i. Ryder: Instrumentality - Ryder's perception of unfair reward distribution reduces his belief in the link between performance and reward.

Answer 2

a- Lucia: worked hard to impress her boos with her reliability, creativity, and decision making skills. She really wants to qualify for an upcoming promotion which will give her the autonomy and empowerment she desires. (expectancy; instrumentality; valence)

Step-by-step explanation:

The theory of expectations states that the motivation to perform a given activity is generated through the expectation that positive results will be achieved through that activity. In short, this theory generates motivation based on the anticipation of events that may or may not happen in the future, but they are good events and the possibility that they will occur is enough motivation to try.

An example of this can be seen in the question above, where Lucia worked hard to impress her boos with her skills of reliability, creativity and decision making. She really wants to qualify for a promotion that will give her the autonomy and power she wants and believes that by impressing her boss she will achieve this.