Answer: c. formal social sanctions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Formal sanctions are those sanction which are imposed by the formal means by the institution upon group of individual or single individual. These sanctions includes the fines generated due to the deviations or delinquent behaviors or the rewards are provided for compliance.
These sanctions are often documented, recorded in the regulations, policies and rules.
The formal social sanctions includes the punishment to the deviants.