Answer:
The question is missing the below options:
A) PDCA
B) internal failure costs
C) appraisal costs
D) cost of poor quality is underestimated
E) prevention costs
The correct option is D, cost of poor quality is underestimated.
Step-by-step explanation:
Internal failure costs are costs incurred to remedy a failure quality when discovered prior to goods being made available to consumers
Appraisal costs refer to costs incurred in ensuring output meet the required standards such as inspection costs
The question is not about the category of quality costs the $3.1 million falls under, but a quality principle which underscored the point that cost poor quality can be much more than what one envisages.