Answer:
d. a holacracy
Step-by-step explanation:
A holacracy is the opposite of hierarchy and can be described as a form of management where authority is shared with several people or with different groups of people, where there is a set of hierarchical levels between them, that is, the power of management is shared with everyone who, in some way, is part of the organization. That way everyone is a manager.
An example of this can be seen in the question above, where a company has adopted an organizational structure in which positions are abandoned, traditional managers are eliminated and authority is distributed to teams.