Answer:
d. strengthening a behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing
Step-by-step explanation:
Negative reinforcement is a explained by B.F Skinner in his theory of operant condition, this method can be used to help teach specific behavior with means by which a behavior or response is strengthen by stopping , removing or avoiding a negative outcome i.e something uncomfortable is taken away in response to a stimulus
Negative reinforcement strengthening a behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing. for example, a rat presses a button(behavior) that turn off water sprinkling(aversive stimulus)