Final answer:
James displayed characteristics of an autocratic leader, making unilateral decisions without the input of others, leading to discontent among trade union members who may have preferred a more inclusive leadership style.
Step-by-step explanation:
The scenario provided suggests that James, as a leader, took important decisions without consulting others and acted on his own whims. This behavior aligns with the characteristics of an autocratic leader. Autocratic leaders make decisions unilaterally, without the input or collaboration of others, which can lead to discontent and dissent among those they lead.
This approach is contrasted with a laissez-faire style, where leaders are more hands-off, and with a democratic style, where decisions are made collectively. In the context of the trade union, the members' discontent with James' high-handedness indicates they may have preferred more inclusive and consultative leadership practices.
It is evident that James did not embody the qualities of collaboration and shared decision-making that are often valued in organizational leadership. According to the descriptions in the provided links, such independent action can have consequences, including sparking opposition or being subject to reversal. The preference in many situations is for leaders who can balance swift decision-making with consultation and collaboration, traits which James seemingly lacked.