Answer:
The correct answer is number (4): All of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
The fine eliminated the non-financial incentives to be on time and the fine was perceived as a price because parents possibly felt guilty for picking up their children late but no punishments were given before the penalty. Since it was introduced, parents may consider it a fair trade for being late and are willing to pay the penalty.
Besides, it is possible that the fine was not high enough to make parents change their behavior because instead of decreasing the number of parents picking up their children late, the penalty increased it.