Question

The NBAC looks at characteristics individuals might have that would prevent them from being able to provide voluntary informed consent. The traits may be thought of as falling into six broad areas: cognitive or communicative, institutional, deferential, medical, economic, and social. Prospective research subjects who are not able to comprehend information, deliberate, and make decisions about participation in a proposed research study have a: Cognitive or communicative vulnerability Physical vulnerability Economic or social vulnerability Institutional vulnerability

Answer 1

Prospective subjects with difficulties in understanding or decision-making have cognitive or communicative vulnerabilities. Ethical research practices and informed consent are imperative for protecting these subjects, especially in circumstances that may involve additional vulnerabilities like institutional power dynamics.

Step-by-step explanation:

Prospective research subjects who are not able to comprehend information, deliberate, and make decisions about participation in a proposed research study have a cognitive or communicative vulnerability. As outlined by the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC), vulnerable populations include those with vulnerabilities that may impair their ability to give voluntary informed consent. For instance, historically marginalized communities and individuals in desperate circumstances have been subjected to exploitation in clinical trials, such as the infamous Tuskegee experiment or the experiments conducted by Nazi physicians. To prevent such abuses, ethical research practices are crucial, including obtaining informed consent, where risks and benefits are clearly outlined, and participation is voluntary and can be discontinued without penalty.

In the context of incarceration, inmates may experience institutional vulnerability, where they might consent to participate due to perceived direct benefits or reduced autonomy, questioning the voluntariness of their consent. Thus, safeguarding the rights and dignity of research subjects through comprehensive ethical protocols, oversight by Institutional Review Boards (IRB), and adhering to normative moral frameworks is essential in the conduct of research involving human subjects.

Answer 2

Prospective research subjects who are not able to comprehend information, deliberate, and make decisions about participation in a proposed research study have Cognitive or communicative vulnerability.

Answer: Option A

Step-by-step explanation:

Prospective research subject are those who are taken as subject for the purpose of research on the objective of prospective. When the subjects of Prospective research lack ability in some manners to make an informed choice, the incapacity demonstrated here is remarked as the Capacity-related cognitive vulnerability.

When the subject of prospective research have the above mentioned capacity, in lieu of which, because of limited ability for communication, the subject cannot communicate with researchers and the latter are not able to exercise their capacities effectively, such inability is remarked as the Communicative vulnerability.