Question

Describe how DNA is modified for use in genetic engineering.

Answer 1

Genetic engineering alters an organism's DNA via the addition of foreign DNA through recombinant DNA vectors. This modification can produce GMOs with enhanced traits, such as pest-resistant crops, and is facilitated by tools like CRISPR/Cas9 for precise gene editing.

Step-by-step explanation:

Modification of DNA in Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering involves the process of modifying DNA to impart desirable traits to an organism. This is achieved by the addition of foreign DNA through recombinant DNA vectors, which are constructed via molecular cloning. The steps generally include:

Inserting a gene or piece of DNA into a vector, creating a recombinant DNA molecule.

Introducing the vector into a host cell, like a bacterium.

Cloning the gene within the host cell, which then duplicates along with the bacterial DNA during cell division.

The cloned DNA may then produce a protein that can be harnessed in various applications, such as medical treatments.

If the introduced DNA originates from a different species, the modified organism is referred to as transgenic. This technology has led to the production of GMOs with enhanced characteristics, such as resistance to pests or herbicides in crops. Tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 have advanced the field by enabling precise editing of genes within organisms. The ethical implications and safety of genetic engineering continue to be subjects of debate and regulation.

Answer 2

Genetic engineering can be described as a process in which the DNA of an organism is modified to change its characteristics or phenotype.

DNA modification occurs when a 'gene of interest' is taken from an organism and introduced into a vector such as a plasmid. Or this gene or piece of DNA might directly be incorporated into another organism. The gene of interest incorporated into the DNA of a host will be able to express itself.