Answer: a. The amount of artificial daylight the colonies are exposed to
d. The amount of food available for foraging
Step-by-step explanation:
The independent variable is the variable that can be changed and manipulated in an experiment. This is likely to bring variations in the experimental variable of the experiment.
In the given situation, the two variables artificial daylight and available food can be controlled to eliminate the variations in the experimental outcome. For example, the intensity of the light may affect the colonization of ants and the amount of food also may either increase or decrease the population of ants.