Answer:
4) the social-desirability effect
Step-by-step explanation:
The options for this question are missing. The options for this question are
1) the lie scale.
2) falsifiability.
3) a peer report measure.
4) the social-desirability effect
In sociology, the social-desirability effect or social-desirability bias refers to the tendency that people have to respond surveys in a way that will make them viewed under a favorably light by others because of the social expectations. In other words, they answer questions giving answers that will make them look better than how they truly are.
In this example, Dr. Toon asks subjects about their happiness but he notes that some subjects tended to answer in ways they think are more desirable based on social expectations. We can see that these subjects answered in a way that would make them look better according to social expectations. Therefore, this would be an example of the social-desirability effect.