Answer: This is an example of the misuse of CAUSE AND EFFECT
Explanation: A popular quote often used in statistics is "correlation does not imply causation". What this simply means is that, if situations are related by correlation, that doesn't mean that it is the cause.
This is the illustration of cause and effect, an event leading to the occurrence of another.
In the question, the Research found the correlation between ice cream consumption and the number of violent crimes. Then proceeded to conclude that it is caused by refined sugar. Firstly, refined sugar is not the only ingredient in ice cream. There's a whole lot more. This in essence explains that cause and effect is being misused.