Answer: The correct answers are "A. Write contracts that ensure that the interest of the managers and shareholders are closely aligned.", "C. Mount hostile takeovers.", "D. Ensure that employees are paid with company stock and/or stock options." and "E. Ensure that under-performing managers are fired.".
Explanation: The strategies that are available to shareholders to help ensure that managers are motivated to act this way are:
- Write contracts that ensure that the interest of the managers and shareholders are closely aligned. - This ensures that managers and shareholders point in the same direction.
- Mount hostile takeovers.
- Ensure that employees are paid with company stock and/or stock options. - In this way they motivate employees to work in favor of the interests of the shareholders.
- Ensure that under-performing managers are fired. - Dismissing managers who have poor performance pressure managers to work hard and for the benefit of shareholders.