Answer:
b. the Protestant Reformation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Protestant Reformation was the social, financial, academic and cultural revolution of the sixteenth century that divided Catholic Europe, creating the institutions and values that would characterize the continent in modern times.
It was this during which there was rule of the Medici and the dissolution of the Florentine republic. And this had influence on the Mannerist style we see the paintings.