Final answer:
Denied powers, as specifically prohibited by the Constitution, are designed to limit government power and include the inability to make laws that apply retroactively, while reserved powers are exclusive to state governments by the Tenth Amendment.
Step-by-step explanation:
The powers specifically prohibited by the Constitution, including the inability to make laws that apply retroactively, are designed to limit the power of the government, and are best described as denied powers. These are the powers that the Constitution explicitly states cannot be exercised by the federal government or, in some cases, by the states. For instance, the Constitution forbids the federal government from passing ex post facto laws, which are laws that apply retroactively to make an action illegal that was legal when originally performed. Moreover, certain powers are reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment, which are not to be encroached upon by the federal government. Expressed powers are those that are listed or enumerated in the Constitution, such as the power to collect taxes and regulate commerce, while implied powers are not explicitly stated but are deemed necessary to execute the enumerated powers, for example, creating a bank to manage taxes and government funds.