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As of January 2015, the NIH expects investigators to obtain the informed (valid) consent of research participants in NIH -funded genetic research for broad research use of data and data sharing, even if the cell lines or specimens are:__________.

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Answer:

De-identified.

Step-by-step explanation:

In the research that involves human subjects, cell lines or specimens are considered de-identified if all the identifiers that can link the specimen to the actual individual are completely removed. It means, that it would not be possible to link a given specimen to a particular person.

Even in this case, According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) investigators have to obtain informed consent, by clearly explaining all the details of the research that subjects have to know to understand its nature and consequences. It is necessary, because some people may refuse participation due to religious or ethical reasons.

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