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In the War of 1812, the United States took on the greatest naval power in the world, Great Britain, in a conflict that would have an immense impact on the young country’s future. Causes of the war included British attempts to restrict U.S. trade, the Royal Navy’s impressment of American seamen and America’s desire to expand its territory. The United States suffered many costly defeats at the hands of British, Canadian and Native American troops over the course of the War of 1812, including the capture and burning of the nation’s capital, Washington, D.C., in August 1814. Nonetheless, American troops were able to repulse British invasions in New York, Baltimore and New Orleans, boosting national confidence and fostering a new spirit of patriotism. The ratification of the Treaty of Ghent on February 17, 1815, ended the war but left many of the most contentious questions unresolved. Nonetheless, many in the United States celebrated the War of 1812 as a "second war of independence," beginning an era of partisan agreement and national pride.

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The War of 1812 that was declared by the United States Congress to Great Britain, which revealed that some conflicts will not be resolved by the war of independence. It can be said that the main causes were the following: Trade restrictions imposed during the war in Great Britain and France; the imprisonment of some American merchant sailors at the hands of the British, and the British alliances with the indigenous tribes during the expansion of the Americans through these territories and into Canada.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the United States maintained commercial ties with Great Britain. Europe was controlled by Napoleon Bonaparte's empire from France. With Europe divided, the United States remained neutral in trade, negotiating with both. American merchants supplied both parties with products, which were seized by the British, who questioned the right to neutrality. The British had made alliances with indigenous nations that were displaced by American whites. The war was carried out at sea and land, through land and naval battles on the Canadian border, and in the South and the Gulf of Mexico in clashes with the Indians who allied with the English.

The conflict lasted 32 months, where Andrew Jackson emerged as a military hero in his campaigns against indigenous allies with the British. Unfortunately, the War of 1812 put an end to the intentions of creating an Indigenous Confederation and an independent indigenous state sponsored primarily by Great Britain. This conflict ended with the last colonial ties with Great Britain, where the United States demonstrated its military and economic capacity before Europe.

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