Answer: Size: Spatial scales in Earth science can range from the atomic level to the size of the entire Earth.
Time: Time scales in Earth science can range from the fraction or a second that it takes lightning to strike to the billions of years ago when the universe was created.
Explanation: We are considering the smallest measurement to the largest on the size scale. The atomic level which is the composition of all matter signifies the smallest end of the spectrum while the earth encapsulates our whole planet. "Large portions of the universe" is not specific and can be anything from a continent to a galaxy.
On the time scale, it takes a fraction of a second for lightning to strike while it has taken billions of years since the big bang, for the universe to form. Scientists estimate this to be between 10 and 20 billion years.