Question

Tim claims that a coin is coming up tails less than half of the time. In 110 tosses, the coin comes up tails 47 times. Using P-value, test Tim's claim. Use a 0.10 significance level and determine conclusion.

Answer 1

`z=\frac{0.427 -0.5}{\sqrt{(0.5(1-0.5))/(110)}}=-1.531`

`p_v =P(z<-1.531)=0.0629`

If we compare the p value obtained and using the significance level given
`\alpha=0.1` we have that
`p_v<\alpha` so we can conclude that we have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis, and we can said that at 10% of significance the proportion of tails is significantly less than 0.5.

Explanation:

1) Data given and notation

n=110 represent the random sample taken

X=47 represent the number of tails obtained

`\hat p=(47)/(110)=0.427` estimated proportion of tails

`p_o=0.5` is the value that we want to test

`\alpha=0.1` represent the significance level

Confidence=90% or 0.90

z would represent the statistic (variable of interest)

`p_v` represent the p value (variable of interest)

2) Concepts and formulas to use

We need to conduct a hypothesis in order to test the claim that the proportion of tails is lower than 0.5:

Null hypothesis:
`p\geq 0.5`

Alternative hypothesis:
`p < 0.5`

When we conduct a proportion test we need to use the z statistic, and the is given by:

`z=\frac{\hat p -p_o}{\sqrt{(p_o (1-p_o))/(n)}}` (1)

The One-Sample Proportion Test is used to assess whether a population proportion
`\hat p` is significantly different from a hypothesized value
`p_o`.

3) Calculate the statistic

Since we have all the info requires we can replace in formula (1) like this:

`z=\frac{0.427 -0.5}{\sqrt{(0.5(1-0.5))/(110)}}=-1.531`

4) Statistical decision

It's important to refresh the p value method or p value approach . "This method is about determining "likely" or "unlikely" by determining the probability assuming the null hypothesis were true of observing a more extreme test statistic in the direction of the alternative hypothesis than the one observed". Or in other words is just a method to have an statistical decision to fail to reject or reject the null hypothesis.

The significance level provided
`\alpha=0.1`. The next step would be calculate the p value for this test.

Since is a left tailed test the p value would be:

`p_v =P(z<-1.531)=0.0629`

If we compare the p value obtained and using the significance level given
`\alpha=0.1` we have that
`p_v<\alpha` so we can conclude that we have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis, and we can said that at 10% of significance the proportion of tails is significantly less than 0.5.