Answer:
Fourth Option: He uses deductive reasoning because he introduces a conclusion and proves it with evidence.
Step-by-step explanation:
Although the excerpt for the question is not provided, it is safe to assume the excerpt to be from "The Prince", Nicolo Machiavelli's most famous book published in 1532.
Machiavelli uses the same method throughout the book for proving his arguments. So whatever the excerpt be, the answer would be the same.
Deductive reasoning first presents the conclusion or claim and then provides the evidence through various methods.
Inductive reasoning is type of reasoning in which provides evidence just for the purpose of proving a conclusion or argument. It means first details are provided and then a conclusion is made from these details.
First and third options are totally incorrect because, Machiavelli did not use any statistics (comparisons based on number), or scientific experiments (his area of discussion being history, so no possibility of experiments).
Machiavelli actually presented his arguments/claims in the start of each chapter, and then he proved them with examples from history and experiences gained from the society. So, fourth option is correct