Final answer:
The Democratic-Republicans were champions of agrarian interests and states' rights, while Jeffersonian republicanism embodied these ideals with Thomas Jefferson's leadership. Marbury v. Madison, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, established judicial review, and James Monroe's presidency was marked by the significant foreign policy declaration of the Monroe Doctrine.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Democratic-Republicans were a political party in the early United States that promoted states' rights and agrarian interests over a strong centralized government. Jeffersonian republicanism refers to the political philosophy adopted by the Democratic-Republicans under Thomas Jefferson, emphasizing limited government and a focus on the agrarian sector as the backbone of the nation. The case of Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional, a power spearheaded by Chief Justice John Marshall. The Louisiana Purchase, brokered during Jefferson's presidency, was a significant expansion of the United States, doubling its size and opening up vast territories for exploration and settlement. Impressment was a contentious practice by the British Navy of seizing American sailors and forcing them into military service, contributing to the tensions leading up to the War of 1812. President James Monroe is known for the Monroe Doctrine, a cornerstone of American foreign policy stating that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.