Answer:
d. cladograms and phylogenetic trees
Step-by-step explanation:
Cladograms are the charts used by scientists to compare similarities among a group of organisms. These charts are not evolutionary trees rather they represent the hypothetical relationship among organisms being studied. They are not true evolutionary trees rather used to compare organisms on simple criteria that may help in studying evolution of the closely related organisms.
On the other hand, phylogenetic trees are the real evolutionary charts that describe how organisms are actually evolved during the course of evolution. The distance of lineage is often computed based on strict criteria of genetic variations among group of organisms that are closely related. They are better than cladograms and provide precise information on evolutionary relationships.